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|Section2= |Section3= }} Pumiliotoxin 251D is one of the toxins found in the skin of poison frogs from the ''Dendrobates'', ''Epipedobates'', ''Minyobates'', and ''Phyllobates'' genera〔Edwards MW, Daly JW, Myers CW. Alkaloids from a panamanian poison frog, Dendrobates speciosus: identification of pumiliotoxin-A and allopumiliotoxin class alkaloids, 3,5-disubstituted indolizidines, 5-substituted 8-methylindolizidines, and a 2-methyl-6-nonyl-4-hydroxypiperidine. ''Journal of Natural Products''. 1988 Nov-Dec;51(6):1188-97. PMID 3236011〕〔Mortari MR, Schwartz EN, Schwartz CA, Pires OR Jr, Santos MM, Bloch C Jr, Sebben A. Main alkaloids from the Brazilian dendrobatidae frog Epipedobates flavopictus: pumiliotoxin 251D, histrionicotoxin and decahydroquinolines. ''Toxicon''. 2004 Mar 1;43(3):303-10. PMID 15033329〕 and toads from the ''Melanophryniscus'' genus.〔Mebs D, Pogoda W, Maneyro R, Kwet A. Studies on the poisonous skin secretion of individual red bellied toads, Melanophryniscus montevidensis (Anura, Bufonidae), from Uruguay. ''Toxicon''. 2005 Nov;46(6):641-50. PMID 16157358〕〔Mebs D, Maneyro R, Pogoda W. Further studies on pumiliotoxin 251D and hydroquinone content of the skin secretion of Melanophryniscus species (Anura, Bufonidae) from Uruguay. ''Toxicon''. 2007 Jul;50(1):166-9. PMID 17433395〕 It is not manufactured by the amphibians, but absorbed through their insect-rich diet.〔Saporito RA, Garraffo HM, Donnelly MA, Edwards AL, Longino JT, Daly JW. Formicine ants: An arthropod source for the pumiliotoxin alkaloids of dendrobatid poison frogs. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA''. 2004 May 25;101(21):8045-50. PMID 15128938〕〔Takada W, Sakata T, Shimano S, Enami Y, Mori N, Nishida R, Kuwahara Y. Scheloribatid mites as the source of pumiliotoxins in dendrobatid frogs. ''Journal of Chemical Ecology''. 2005 Oct;31(10):2403-15. PMID 16195851〕 It is extremely toxic to mosquitoes.〔Weldon PJ, Kramer M, Gordon S, Spande TF, Daly JW. A common pumiliotoxin from poison frogs exhibits enantioselective toxicity against mosquitoes. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA''. 2006 Nov 21;103(47):17818-21. PMID 17095598〕 Pumiliotoxin 251D is a powerful toxin with several mechanisms of action, including blocking sodium and potassium channels in cells,〔Vandendriessche T, Abdel-Mottaleb Y, Maertens C, Cuypers E, Sudau A, Nubbemeyer U, Mebs D, Tytgat J. Modulation of voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels by pumiliotoxin 251D: a "joint venture" alkaloid from arthropods and amphibians. ''Toxicon''. 2008 Mar 1;51(3):334-44. PMID 18061227〕 and inhibiting calcium-dependent ATPase.〔Tamburini R, Albuquerque EX, Daly JW, Kauffman FC. Inhibition of calcium-dependent ATPase from sarcoplasmic reticulum by a new class of indolizidine alkaloids, pumiliotoxins A, B, and 251D. ''Journal of Neurochemistry''. 1981 Sep;37(3):775-80. PMID 6456330〕〔Daly JW, McNeal ET, Overman LE, Ellison DH. A new class of cardiotonic agents: structure-activity correlations for natural and synthetic analogues of the alkaloid A new class of A new class of cardiotonic agents: structure-activity correlations for natural and synthetic analogues of the alkaloid pumiliotoxin B (8-hydroxy-8-methyl-6-alkylidene-1-azabicyclo()nonanes). ''Journal of Medicinal Chemistry''. 1985 Apr;28(4):482-6. PMID 3981541〕 Some poison frogs have the ability to convert pumiliotoxin 251D into allopumiliotoxin 267A, a more potent variant of the toxin.〔Daly JW, Garraffo HM, Spande TF, Clark VC, Ma J, Ziffer H, Cover JF Jr. Evidence for an enantioselective pumiliotoxin 7-hydroxylase in dendrobatid poison frogs of the genus Dendrobates. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA''. 2003 Sep 16;100(19):11092-7. PMID 12960405〕 == References == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pumiliotoxin 251D」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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